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| Artykuł przeglądowy Justyna Przybyszewska 1 , Andrzej Kuźmiński 2 , Michał Przybyszewski 3 , Cezary Popławski 1 1. Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland 2. Department of Allergology, Clinical Immunology, and Internal Diseases, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland 3. Department and Clinic of Allergology, Clinical Immunology, and Internal Diseases, Jan Biziel University Hospital No. 2, Bydgoszcz, Poland Gastroenterology Rev Data publikacji online: 2024/04/29 Plik artykułu: - The role and therapeutic.pdf[0.10 MB] ENWEndNoteBIBJabRef, MendeleyRISPapers, Reference Manager, RefWorks, Zotero AMA APA Chicago Harvard MLA Vancouver IntroductionIn 2002, the Institute of Medicine published adefinition of dietary fibre that distinguished between dietary fibre (indigestible carbohydrates and lignin found in plants) and functional fibre (isolated, indigestible carbohydrates that exhibit beneficial physiological effects in humans) [1]. Under the current definition, fibre supplements (and fibre added to foods) must have clinically proven health benefits to be considered “functional fibre”. The beneficial physiological effects formulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration include the following: lowering cholesterol levels, lowering blood glucose levels, reducing energy intake, lowering blood pressure, improving bowel movements, and improving mineral bioavailability [2, 3]. According to the criteria adopted by the FDA, the existence of clinical evidence of only one of the aforementioned physiological effects is sufficient for afibre to be credited and labelled as afunctional fibre. Meanwhile, for Plantago ovata husk, evidence of therapeutic efficacy has been shown, in numerous clinical studies, for 5 of the 6 effects listed above (regulation of bowel movements, lowering cholesterol, improving glycaemic control, reducing energy intake/weight loss, and lowering blood pressure due to weight loss) [4–11]. What is more, P. ovata husk is the only natural source of fibre that provides as many as 5 major health benefits identified by the Food and Drug Administration. In addition, consumption of psyllium husk has also been shown to provide measurable clinical benefits in other conditions such as ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, diarrhoea caused by enteral feeding, chronic constipation, chronic diarrhoea, haemorrhoids, and type 2 diabetes [4–11]. It is worth noting that psyllium husk is the only fibre recommended by the American College of Gastroenterology for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome [12]. Similarly, Experts of the Polish Society of Gastroenterology, in their recommendations for the management of irritable bowel syndrome published in 2018, suggest adiet rich in soluble fibre in all types of IBS [13].
The following section of the article presents the evidence available in the recent literature on the therapeutic potential and possible mechanisms of action of psyllium in the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome and ulcerative colitis, and the prevention of colorectal cancer. Therapeutic effect of Plantago ovata husk in irritable bowel syndromePsyllium husk is the only fibre recommended by the American Society of Gastroenterology for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) [12]. Clinical evidence available in the literature confirms that psyllium extracted from P. ovata can reduce painful symptoms and normalise stool consistency in patients with IBS in both diarrhoeal and constipated forms [20–23]. Bijkerk et al. in a study conducted in a group of 275 patients diagnosed with IBS evaluated the effect of psyllium husk and bran consumption on the clinical course of the disease [20]. For this purpose, the cited authors randomly assigned eligible patients to 3 groups. The first group consisted of patients (n = 85) receiving psyllium 10 g/day, 97 other patients consumed wheat bran 10 g/day, and the last group of 93 patients received placebo. The duration of the study was 12 weeks [20]. In the first month of the experiment, the percentage of patients who responded was statistically significantly higher in the group consuming psyllium than in the placebo group (57% vs. 35%). Also, in the second month of follow-up, ahigher percentage of patients with clinical improvement were those in the psyllium-treated group (59% vs. 41%). In the third month of treatment, the observed difference between the number of patients reporting symptom relief in the psyllium group (46%) and the number in the placebo group (32%) was not statistically significant. The authors of the described experiment also noted that the dropout rate was highest (46%) in the group receiving wheat bran, and the most common reported reason for dropping out was exacerbation of IBS symptoms, probably caused by mechanical irritation of the intestinal mucosa by coarse wheat bran particles [7, 20]. Another reason for the exacerbation of IBS symptoms in the group receiving wheat bran may have been an increase in bacterial fermentation processes in the intestine associated with the high content of poorly absorbed, easily fermentable oligo-, di-, and monosaccharides and polyols (FODMAPs) in wheat bran [24]. According to the recommendations of the Polish Society of Gastroenterology, wheat bran is not recommended as asource of fibre in the diet of patients with IBS [13]. Clinical studies available in the literature show that as many as 52–86% of patients report significant relief of IBS symptoms after eliminating FODMAPs from the diet [24]. This is because adiet low in FODMAPs reduces microbial fermentation with less gas production and fewer osmotic metabolites, leading to relief of IBS symptoms, mainly bloating and abdominal pain [24]. Therapeutic effect of Plantago ovata husk in the course of ulcerative colitisAsmall number of studies have also evaluated the ability of psyllium husk to maintain remission in ulcerative colitis [25, 32]. Treatment with psyllium has been shown to be beneficial in maintaining remission of the disease. The study authors suggest that the therapeutic effect is the result of increased production of endogenous short-chain fatty acids in the gut. Psyllium supplementation alleviated colonic damage in HLA-B2712 transgenic rats and the observed effect was associated with decreased levels of certain pro-inflammatory mediators (nitric oxide, leukotriene B4, tumour necrosis factor ) and correlated with increased amounts of SCFAs, which may act synergistically in inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory mediators [25]. The results noted in animal model studies are consistent with clinical observations. In an open randomised, multicentre study conducted among 105 patients with ulcerative colitis in remission, it was shown that P. ovata supplementation (10 g twice daily) was comparably effective in maintaining emissions as mesalamine therapy [32]. It was concluded that this effect may be the result of an increase in butyric acid after psyllium supplementation. Plantago ovata husk supplementation reduces colon cancer riskThe results of biological as well as clinical studies available in the literature indicate that psyllium consumption reduces the risk of colorectal cancer [33–36]. Citronberg et al., in alarge prospective clinical trial involving 75,214 participants, evaluated the association between colorectal cancer incidence and the following: constipation, use of laxatives without fibre, and use of laxatives with fibre (including but not limited to psyllium husk) [36]. The authors, during afollow-up of 8 years, showed that the risk of colorectal cancer increased in proportion to the amount of non-fibre laxatives taken. At the same time, there was areduction in the risk of colorectal cancer in users of fibre-based laxatives (such as psyllium) [36]. The results of Citronberg et al. are consistent with those of 2 previously published studies, which found that high-fibre use was inversely correlated with colorectal cancer (CRC) risk [37]. Additionally, Jacobs and White noted that all commercial laxatives except fibre were associated with an increased risk of CRC [38]. Plantago ovata husk supplementation safety information – possible side effectsResearchers are pondering the safety of long-term psyllium husk supplementation in terms of its effect on the bioavailability of nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract and thus the nutritional status of quality patients. It was thought that psyllium supplementation may translate into impaired absorption of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, and K). It has also been suggested that psyllium may bind minerals in its mucilaginous-gel-like structure, e.g. calcium, potassium, magnesium, zinc, and iron. However, the results of clinical studies available in the literature show that supplementation with P. ovata husk is safe, well tolerated, and does not adversely affect the gastrointestinal bioavailability of vitamins and minerals. Solà et al. determined the effects of an 8-week intake of 10.5 g/day P. ovata husk, by 28 men (age: 61.4 ±8.6 years) with ischaemic heart disease, among others, on selected laboratory parameters, i.e. magnesium, calcium, iron, ferritin, haemoglobin, vitamin Aand E, and prothrombin time (as an indirect indicator for assessing vitamin K levels) [8]. No clinically or statistically significant differences were observed in the results of the laboratory parameters analysed. Similarly, Sierra et al. reported no adverse effect of 6-week psyllium supplementation (14 g/day) on serum levels of minerals and vitamin Aand E in agroup of 20 patients with type 2 diabetes (12 men and 8 women) [9]. Conclusion and perspectivePlantago ovata husk is anatural plant product high in water-soluble fibre and numerous bioactive compounds that exert anumber of positive health (clinical) effects. Only asoluble nonfermenting, gel-forming fibre has been clinically proven to provide all of the health benefits typically associated with afibre supplement. P. ovata husk has been extensively researched for its potential health benefits and its potential use in the treatment and prevention of gastrointestinal diseases. It seems that psyllium husk preparations deserve attention as anatural dietary supplement for use in the nutrition of patients with gastroenterological disorders, because they are inexpensive, generally safe, and show positive clinical results in ashort period of time. The therapeutic properties of P. ovata husk described in this article may be helpful to clinicians in making effective recommendations for patients with irritable bowel syndrome or ulcerative colitis and in patients at risk for colorectal cancer. Conflict of interestThe authors declare no conflict of interest. References1. Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes: Energy, Carbohydrates, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids Cholesterol, Protein and Amino Acids. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press; 2002. 2. Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, Food and Drug Administration. Scientific Evaluation of the Evidence on the Beneficial Physiological Effects of Isolated or Synthetic Non-digestible Carbohydrates Submitted as aCitizen Petition (21 CFR 10.30): Guidance for Industry. February 2018.Available at: https://www.fda.gov/media/101183/download. 3. Food labeling: revision of the nutrition and supplement facts labels. May 2016.Available at: https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2016-05-27/pdf/2016-11867.pdf. 4. Santos R, Melo N, Sanches-Silva A. Psyllium (Plantago ovata Forsk): From evidence of health benefits to its food application. Trends Food Sci Technol 2020; 96: 166-75. 5. Singh B. Psyllium as therapeutic and drug delivery agent. Int J Pharm 2007; 334: 1-14. 6. Chen C, Shang C, Xin L, et al. Beneficial effects of psyllium on the prevention and treatment of cardiometabolic diseases. Food Funct 2022; 13: 7473-86. 7. McRorie JW, Gibb RD, Kyle J, et al. Psyllium: the gel-forming nonfermented isolated fiber that delivers multiple fiber-related health benefits. Nutrition Today 2021; 56: 169-82. 8. Solà R, Godàs G, Ribalta J, et al. Effects of soluble fiber (Plantago ovata husk) on plasma lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins in men with ischemic heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 2007; 85: 1157-63. 9. Sierra M, García JJ, Fernández N, et al. Therapeutic effects of psyllium in type 2 diabetic patients. Eur J Clin Nutr 2002; 56: 830-42. 10. Belorio M, Gómez M. Psyllium: auseful functional ingredient in food systems. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2022; 62: 527-38. 11. McRorie JW Jr, Fahey GC Jr, Gibb RD, et al. Laxative effects of wheat bran and psyllium: resolving enduring misconceptions about fiber in treatment guidelines for chronic idiopathic constipation. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract 2020; 32: 15-23. 12. Ford AC, Moayyedi P, Chey WD, et al. American College of Gastroenterology monograph on management of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2018; 113 (Suppl 2): 1-18. 13. Pietrzak A, Skrzydło-Radomańska B, Mulak A, et al. Guidelines on the management of irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology Rev 2018; 13: 259-88. 14. Patel MK, Tanna B, Gupta H, et al. Physicochemical, scavenging and anti-proliferative analyses of polysaccharides extracted from psyllium (Plantago ovata Forssk) husk and seeds. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 133: 190-201. 15. Zhang J, Wen C, Zhang H, et al. Review of isolation, structural properties, chain conformation, and bioactivities of psyllium polysaccharides. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 139: 409-20. 16. Mukherjee S, Pujol CA, Jana S, et al. Chemically sulfated arabinoxylans from Plantago ovata seed husk: synthesis, characterization and antiviral activity. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 256: 117555. 17. 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This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/), allowing third parties to copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format and to remix, transform, and build upon the material, provided the original work is properly cited and states its license. |
FAQs
What is Plantago ovata husk used for? ›
Blond psyllium (Plantago ovata) is an herb. Its seed husk is used as a laxative and stool softener and to help reduce cholesterol. Psyllium seed husks absorb water in the stomach and form a large mass. This mass stimulates the bowel in people with constipation.
Is psyllium husk good for IBS? ›Thus psyllium is beneficial in IBS through the microbial and neural route and by decreasing inflammation. Psyllium supplement at adequate dosage (at least 20-25 g per day) with adequate amount of water, coupled with other physiological steps could provide substantial relief in IBS.
Can psyllium husk cause diarrhea? ›3 side effects associated with psyllium
Digestive tract: People who take psyllium for the first time may experience: Abdominal pain and cramps. Constipation. Diarrhea.
Psyllium (Metamucil, Fybogel, generics) – One teaspoonful of psyllium twice daily is often recommended for constipation, so why use it for diarrhea? The answer is that it has a water-holding effect in the intestines that may help bulk up watery stool. Some doctors recommend it for the variable bowel habit of IBS.
When should you not take psyllium husk? ›Psyllium supplements may reduce or delay the absorption of certain medications (See Possible Interactions). As a rule, you should not take psyllium supplements at the same time as other medications. Take psyllium at least 1 hour before or 2 to 4 hours after taking other medications.
Is it OK to take psyllium husk everyday? ›Taking fiber supplements every day seems to be safe. Popular fiber supplements include inulin, psyllium (Metamucil, Konsyl, others) and methylcellulose (Citrucel). Fiber is good for the body. It helps the bowel work well and prevents constipation.
What to avoid when taking psyllium? ›- Antidepressant medications, Tricyclics. ...
- Carbemazepine (Tegretol) ...
- Cholesterol-lowering medications (bile acid sequestrants) ...
- Diabetes medications. ...
- Digoxin. ...
- Lithium.
Metamucil has an average rating of 6.8 out of 10 from a total of 70 ratings on Drugs.com. 59% of reviewers reported a positive effect, while 31% reported a negative effect. Psyllium has an average rating of 7.0 out of 10 from a total of 88 ratings on Drugs.com.
Does psyllium husk heal gut? ›Its soluble fiber content makes it particularly effective at promoting regular bowel movements, preventing constipation, and reducing diarrhea. Moreover, Psyllium Husk is gentle on the stomach and well-tolerated by most individuals, making it an accessible option for those seeking to enhance their gut health.
What is the poor man's Ozempic? ›Psyllium Husk Is Being Called the 'Poor Man's Ozempic'—Can It Really Help You Lose Weight?
Why can't I poop after taking psyllium husk? ›
Conclusion: Psyllium can worsen the constipation if not taken appropriately. It is important to instruct patients who are receiving psyllium ingredients to drink a good amount of fluids to avoid the development of bowel obstruction especially in long-term use of such laxatives.
What is the negative impact of psyllium? ›Laxatives may be habit-forming if they are used too often or for too long. Psyllium can swell in your throat and cause choking if you don't take it with enough liquid. Drink plenty of fluids each day to help improve bowel regularity. Take psyllium with a full glass (at least 8 ounces) of water or other liquid.
Is apple cider vinegar good for IBS? ›IBS can respond very well to natural remedies – and these are all things you can source easily and affordably from your supermarket, health food shop or even your own garden. Peppermint, ginger and fennel all have soothing, antispasmodic properties, and apple cider vinegar appears to ease digestive problems too.
What 12 foods stop diarrhea? ›What are some foods that are recommended to eat when you have diarrhea? The list includes simple foods like oatmeal, bananas, plain rice, applesauce, boiled potatoes, toast, plain crackers, pretzels, and baked chicken without skin or fat.
Why you should be careful with psyllium husk? ›Psyllium Husk Precautions
Be sure to talk to a doctor before taking psyllium, especially if you're taking other medications or have any underlying health conditions. Psyllium may interact with, and decrease the absorption of, certain medications, including: Diabetes medications. Lithium.
Psyllium is a common laxative. It can also relieve diarrhea and help reduce triglycerides, cholesterol, blood sugar, and blood pressure levels. People can include this fiber supplement in their nutrition regimen and take it regularly as part of a healthy diet.
What is the useful part of Plantago ovata? ›Of particular interest is psyllium, a gel-forming mucilage from the Plantago ovata plant, which is sold in various supplement forms on the marketplace. Psyllium has been demonstrated to have beneficial effects in patients with hypercholesterolemia.